This article is within the scope of wikiproject chemistry, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of chemistry on wikipedia. Synthetic polymers are humanmade polymers derived from petroleum oil. In addition polymerization, the monomers add to one another in such a way that the polymer contains all the atoms of the starting monomers. Which one of these formulas is that of an unsaturated hydrocarbon. Polymer chemistry, sixth edition nanjing university. The net rate of production of free radicals is zero so that the initiation and termination rates are equal. Polyaddition occurs as a reaction between functional groups on molecules with low degrees of polymerization, such as dimers, trimers and oligomers, to form species of higher molar mass. Polymerization yields finely divided, stable latexes and dispersions to be used directly in coatings, paints, and adhesives. In addition polymerization all of the atoms of the monomer molecules become part of the polymer. This textbook also covers such hot topics as photonic polymers, electricity conducting polymers, polymeric materials for immobilization of reagents.
Technical institute of physics and chemistry, chinese academy of sciences, cas key laboratory of bioinspired materials and interfacial science, 29 zhongguancun east road, 100190 beijing, china. Our methodology combines living radical polymerization and click chemistry. Free radicals are formed by thermac energy, light, or radioactivity. Addition polymerization results in homochain polymers whereas condensation polymerization results in hetrochain polymers. The readings consist of sections from the primary text, journal articles, and handouts.
Readings synthesis of polymers chemical engineering mit. We report a new strategy to synthesize densely functionalized highly and hyperbranched glycopolymers. Hyperbranched clickable scaffolds synthesized via raft polymerization are functionalized with carbohydrate groups using an array of click chemistry reactions, namely cuicatalyzed huisgen 1,3. But in condensation reaction, there is a loss of a molecule of water, ammonia etc as a byproduct. In addition to radical polymerization, cationic polymerization and anionic polymerization are common polymerization methods. When the ammonia is removed by evaporation or by neutralization, the latex will solidify into rubber.
Polymerization is usually highly favourable in thermodynamic terms, mainly on energetic grounds because ordering molecules into linked chains is a process where the entropy is decreased. This course will present the fundamentals of synthetic polymerization chemistry via stepgrowth and chaingrowth radicalionic mechanisms. Topics will include polymerization reactions for most common classes of polymers, along with the thermodynamics and kinetics of. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee. If there are n o molecules in the flask at time 0 and n remaining at time t then the dp at time t is the average degree of polymerization must just be n 0 n. Ligand structures and polymerization conditions can exert influences over polymer microstructures, which in turn determine the mechanical properties of the polymeric. Supramolecular polymer fabricated by click polymerization. There are many forms of polymerization and different systems exist to categorize them. Download fulltext pdf principles of polymersan advanced book. Free polymer chemistry books download ebooks online textbooks. The practical approach in chemistry series organocopper reagents edited by richard j. These notes are preliminary and may contain errors. Inorganic polymer chemistry pdf 30p this note covers the following topics.
Taylor macrocycle synthesis edited by david parker highpressure techniques in chemistry and physics edited by wilfried b. The introduction of the radical cascade reaction into polymer. If you are interested, you may visit the project page and join with us. The most significant difference is that in addition polymers there is no loss of atom. Here, we comb the history of interfacial polymerization along with the development of polymer chemistry, illustrate the recent development of interfacial polymerization in terms of the polymerization types. Where earlier editions covered organic polymer chemistry, the third edition covers both physical and organic chemistry. The differences between the properties of crystalline organic materials of low molecular weight.
This material was also a noncrystalline, amorphous complex with a t. C this article has been rated as cclass on the projects quality scale. They are a main constituent of our food starch, protein, etc. Cationic polymerization of cyclic ethers is the most commonly used method of synthesizing polyethers. Polymers are formed by linking monomers through chemical reactioncalled polymerization. Thus kinetics and thermodynamics of polymerization reactions are discussed. The readings should be completed before attending lecture. Polymers polymers are the giant molecules of chemistry.
Converting monomer to long chain polymer is the final step in the polymer manufacturing sequence. Radical polymerization is initiated by the formation of free radicals. Cationic polymerization an overview sciencedirect topics. Cannot be used for polymers whose glass transition temperature is less than the polymerization temperature, or else aggregation will occur. Well over 100 billion pounds of polymer are produced each year, and it is expected that this. Polymerization, any process in which relatively small molecules, called monomers, combine chemically to produce a very large chainlike or network molecule, called a polymer. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures. Highly branched and hyperbranched glycopolymers via. Sebastian koltzenburg, michael maskos, oskar nuyken. Aug 18, 2016 seeded supramolecular polymerization in a three.
Polymers products that are commonly referred to as plastics by the general public are known to chemists as polymers. The following books are on reserve at the kenan chemistry library. Comparison of common polymerization methods stepgrowth chaingrowth anionic growth method cons. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept. Radical polymerization is within the scope of wikiproject polymers which aims to improve the coverage of polymerrelated articles in wikipedia. Ethylene molecules are joined together in long chains. A comprehensive survey of kinetics, mechanism, and speci ficity of radicalmonomer reactions compiled from the literature through mid2005 is provided in the chemistry of radical polymerization. A lewis acid catalyst is generally used to initiate the cationic polymerization reaction by activation of the oxetane ring oxygen, allowing nucleophilic attack from the ring oxygen atom of a second oxetane molecule and ring opening.
The monomer molecules may be all alike, or they may represent two, three, or more different compounds. Isaacs preparation of alkenes edited by jonathan m. There are two general types of polymerization reactions. The introduction of the radical cascade reaction into. Synthesis of polyolefin elastomers from unsymmetrical. Free polymer chemistry books download ebooks online. The kinetic experiments demonstrate that only seeds based on the intermediate aggregate are able to propagate the supramolecular polymerization of 1 from their active sites. A polymer is a macromolecule which consists of small molecular units that are repeated over and over again to form a long chain. Compression and shearinduced polymerization in model. Mid this article has been rated as midimportance on the.
Ligand structures and polymerization conditions can exert influences over polymer microstructures, which in turn determine the mechanical properties of the polymeric products. This communication describes the fabrication of a supramonomer based on supramolecular complex. A polymerization reaction that forms polymers via individual independent addition reactions. Extensively updated, principles of polymerization, fourth edition provides an excellent textbook for todays students of polymer chemistry, chemical engineering, and materials science, as well as a current reference for the researcher or other practitioner working in these areas. Preparation and reactions of polymers alias polymer. Explore the two major types, common polymers, and some of the chemistry involved with this biologically and commercially important. Fundamentals of polymer chemistry pdf 48p download book. Biopolymers can be complex and nice introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymer structures university tennessee, dept.
Azo polymerization initiators comprehensive catalog. Polymer chemistry cheng research group the university of akron. Synthetic polymers are a mainstay of modern life, but nature also makes polymers. Where earlier editions covered organic polymer chemistry, the third edition covers. Usually at least 100 monomer molecules must be combined to make a product that has certain unique physical properties. Introduction to materials science, chapter 15, polymers. After 20 min at 20 oc, 11 polymerized raclactide to 95% conversion to pla with a molecular weight of 37900 gmol and a polydispersity index of 1. Readings synthesis of polymers chemical engineering. Ring opening polymerization of lactide for the synthesis.
Lecture notes synthesis of polymers chemical engineering. Harris wright state university, dayton, oh 45435 polymers are extremely large molecules that are essential to our very existence. Polymers usually are prepared by two different types of polymerization reactionsaddition and condensation. Polymer polymerisation technique polyamides polycarbonates polyethylene terephthalates polysulphides polyethylene low density polyethylene high density polymethyl methacrylate polypropylene polystyrene polyvinyl acetate. Chemical engineering 160260 polymer science and engineering. Polymers can be formed by a variety of reaction pathways. Harrison, departments of chemistry and physics, united states naval academy, annapolis, maryland 21402. The sections given below come from the course required text. The small buildingblock molecules are called monomers. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the discussion and see a list of open tasks. Polymerisation techniques polymerisation techniques used in the production of some commercial polymers. A large molecule macromolecule built up by repetitive bonding covalent of smaller molecules monomers generally not a well defined structure, or molecular weight. Pdf physical properties and physical chemistry of polymers. Principles of colloid and surface chemistry, second edition, revised and expanded, paul c.
In polymer chemistry, polymerization is a process of reacting monomer molecules together in a chemical reaction to form polymer chains or threedimensional networks. Lowdensity polyethylene, highdensity polyethylene, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, nylon, nylon 6, nylon 6,6, teflon, thermoplastic. Living anionic polymerization has been one of the most important reactions for polymer synthesis since it was first reported by michael szwarc in the 1950s 737475 76 7778798081. Compression and shearinduced polymerization in model diacetylenecontaining monolayers ginger m. Find materials for this course in the pages linked along the left. Principles of colloid and surface chemistry, second edition. Since latex will solidify in air, a stabilizer is added to prevent polymerization if the latex is to be stored or shipped in liquid form.
Principles of polymerization by george odian 4th edition lectures. This guide explains about the eight most common types of synthetic organic polymers, which are commonly found in households are. Addition polymers the addition polymers are formed by the repeated addition of monomer molecules possessing double or triple bonds, e. In contrast with macromonomer in traditional polymer science, supramonomer refers to a monomer that is fabricated by noncovalent interactions, but is able to polymerize using conventional methods of polymerization. In this lesson, learn about the process of polymerization.